民政當局 Civil Administration

本文係台灣民政府福爾摩沙法理自治學院上課必修教材

I. 美軍在戰爭法架構內,執行琉球佔領之機關,依設立時間順序整理如下:

1. 194541
琉球列島美國軍政府 (United States
Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands)

2. 1945820
沖繩諮詢會(Okinawa Advisory Council)

3. 1946424
沖繩民政府(Okinawa Civilian Administration)

4. 1946103
奄美群島臨時北部南西諸島政廳 (Provisional Government of Northern Ryukyu Islands)

5. 1947321
宮古民政府    (Miyako Civil Government)
八重山民政府 (Yaneyama Civil Government)

6. 1950615
臨時琉球諮詢委員會(Interim Ryukyus Advisory Council)

7. 19501215
琉球列島美國民政府 (United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands)

8. 195141
琉球臨時中央政府(Ryukyu Provisional Central Government)

9. 195241

琉球政府(Government of the Ryukyu Iskands)

美國軍事佔領日本琉球之模式為:

1. 琉球列島美國軍政府設立沖繩民政府、宮古民政府、八重山民政府。

2. 琉球列島美國民政府設立琉球政府。

依戰爭法推論,

A. 美國軍事佔領日本台灣之模式應為:

1. 台灣美國軍政府(United States
Military Government of Formosa and the Pescadores)
設立台灣民政府。

2. 台灣美國民政府(United States Civil
Administration of Formosa and the Pescadores)
設立台灣民政府或台灣政府。

B. 中國軍事佔領日本台灣之模式應為:

1. 本質為台灣中國軍政府之台灣省警備總司令部設立台灣民政府。

2. 本質為台灣中國民政府之台灣省行政長官公署,或其後所改制之台灣省政府,設立台灣民政府或台灣政府。

中國佔領當局自19451025起,依盟軍間之協議,得以分配佔領日本台灣領土後,未曾協助被佔領方之本土台灣人設立台灣民政府。現階段本質為台灣中國民政府之台灣省政府,在戰爭法架構內,有協助台灣民政府乃至未來台灣政府其設立及運作之佔領責任,是以在實現台灣地位正常化之前是不得廢除。1952428日起,中國殖民政權在美國當局認可下,因代理台灣美國軍政府,得以繼續佔領日本台灣領土。基於中國佔領當局並未設立台灣民政府。 美國當局完全有立場在親自執行日本台灣佔領後,依戰爭法設立台灣民政府。

中國佔領當局(流亡中華民國),對被佔領方本土台灣人之兩面手法:

1. 如不順從者(if disobey)

以「佔領日本台灣(having occupied Japanese Taiwan)」後,對不順從中國佔領軍治理之本土台灣人,祭出美國所承認之戰爭法,予以「最嚴厲之懲罰(the severest punishment)」。

2. 如順從(if obey)

以「解放中國台灣(liberating "Chinese" Taiwan)」身份,將本土台灣人納入中華民國憲法體制內治理,企圖就地合法,將台灣併入中國。

對於中國佔領當局,本土台灣人如不順從,是無法生存,而如順從,則會被視為認同中國。中國人之兩面手法,讓本土台灣人是進退維谷,淪於政治煉獄。然而。本土台灣人也可採兩手策略回敬,一方面,需順從中國佔領當局以行戰爭法之「暫時效忠(temporary allegiance)」,不必要做任何無謂犧牲,另一方面,則需連結美日,致力台灣地位正常化,與中國切割。

II. 民政當局概念(Concept of Civil Administration)

Civil administration support is assistance to stabilize a foreign
government. There are three mission activities that support civil
administration: civil assistance, civil administration in friendly territory, and civil administration in occupied territory. It fulfills obligations arising from treaties, agreements, or international law.
(佔領者)民政當局支援,是幫助穩定外國政府。支援民政當局之任務活動有三種:

  1. 民事援
  2. 善意領土之民政當
  3. 被佔領領土之民政當

其履行由條約、協議或國際法所發生之義務。

美軍在其佔領地所成立之「軍事政府亦即軍政府(military government)」,其「民政當局(civil administration)」必須物色適當之被佔領方人士,依戰爭法設立「民事政府亦即民政府(civil government)」,遂行治理權之移轉並在萬國公法規範內施行治理。有關被佔領地民政當局之概念如下:

Concept of Civil Administration in Occupied Territory:

1. Situations occur when military necessity or legitimate directives require the Army to establish a temporary government in an occupied territory.

當軍事需要或合法指令要求軍隊,在被佔領領土設立一個暫時性政府之情況發生時。

2. The civil administration in occupied territory is imposed by force. The administered territory is under effective U.S. military control.

在被佔領領土之民政當局是強制勢力。被治理領土是在美軍有效控制下。

3. The U.S. military goal is to establish a government that supports U.S. objectives and to transfer control to a duly organized government as quickly as possible.

美國軍方的目標是設立一個支援美國方針的政府,及儘快移轉予一個適當有組織的政府。

4. The U.S. military will identify, screen, and train reliable civilians to ease this transfer.

美國軍方會檢定、篩選及訓練可靠之民間人士以順利移轉。 

5. Even with the use of local civilians, the occupying forces still retain the power to exercise supreme authority.

即使採用當地民間人士,佔領軍仍保有行使高權之權力。

6. Granting authority to civilian government officials does not of itself terminate the Army's responsibility in the occupied territory.

賦予民政府官員權力,並不自行終止軍隊在被佔領領土之責任。

7. The goal of U.S. civil administration of an occupied territory is to create an effective civil government. This government should not pose a threat to future peace and stability. Support to civil administration of an occupied territory should emphasize that an orderly and efficient transition occurs from civil administration to civil government and the obligations of international law and treaties are met.

美國在被佔領領土之民政當局,其目標是設立一個有效力之民事政府。而此政府不應對未來之和平及穩定有威脅。對被佔領領土民政當局之支援,應著重在從民政當局至民事政府是有秩序,和有效率之過渡,以國際法和條約義務之履行。

8. Occupied hostile territory is an
area the United States has taken possession of (through force of arms) with the
intent to keep it from enemy control.

被佔領之敵方領土是美國為排除敵方控制,經由武力而佔有之地區。

9. Possession does not require the presence of troops in all areas of the occupied territory. The occupying force must, however, be able to quickly deploy to any area within the territory to enforce its authority.

軍隊並無需在所有被佔領地區存在以示佔有。然而,佔領軍必須有能力在領土內之任何地區,迅速佈署以強施權力。

以上敘述可知,美軍完全有能力在台灣島內任何地區迅速佈署,台灣即使無美軍駐在,也是美國之法理佔領地。這一點,可回答不知台灣尚有佔領事實的無知者。 

10. The head of an established civil administration system is the civil administrator, often called the military governor. The administrator is a military commander or other designated person who exercises authority over the occupied territory.

所設立民政當局體制之領導人是民政長官,通常稱為軍事總督。行政官是軍隊指揮官或其他被任命在被佔領地行使權力者。

11. The occupying power may allow the existing government structure to continue under its control and supervision. It represents the easiest basis for developing a functioning government on short notice, since it is already in place.

佔領國可允許既有政府組織在其控制及監督下繼續運作。所意味的是:其為倉促發展一個機能政府最容易之基礎,因其已到位。

12. The occupying power may elect to retain all public officials or, for political or security reasons, may replace all or selected personnel with other qualified people. Programs directed toward
effecting political reform, strengthening government agencies and institutions, and developing self-government are carried out as necessary.

佔領國可決定保留所有公務人員,或基於政治或安全理由,可將全部或所挑出之人員由其他有資格之人士取代。必要時實行導向影響政治改革,強化政府機關和機構,以及發展自治之計劃。

13. In some cases, the occupying power may find it necessary to reorganize, replace, or abolish selected agencies or institutions of the existing government.

在某些情況下佔領國可能會認為有必要重組、更換或撤廢所選既有政府之機關或機構。

14. Replacing the existing government and building a new structure is the most drastic "change of administration, COA". The occupying power should adopt this COA only if the old regime has completely collapsed or is so hostile or poses such a threat to peace and stability that its continued existence cannot be tolerated.

撤換既有政府,建構新組織是最激烈之政權改變。佔領國應只有在如舊政權已徹底瓦解,或有敵意或對安全及穩定有威脅,以致不得容忍其繼續存在時,才採取這種政權改變。

日本政府於194541日,將台灣編入為日本之國土一部份後,就體制而言,台灣總督府即應改由適當之地方制度,取代而不復有繼續存在之正當性。儘管如此,基於原本在台灣領土上為既有政府之台灣總督府,於19451025日已徹底瓦解,美國當局理應督促中國佔領軍,依戰爭法循「最激烈之政權改變」模式,在台灣佔領地「為本土台灣人新設立一個民事政府(to newly set up a civil government for
the people of Taiwan)
」。然而,美國當局卻是縱容本質為中國軍事政府之台灣治理當局,將「佔領日本台灣」誤導成「解放中國台灣」,技術性迴避設立台灣民政府,模糊台灣地位。

15. The occupying power must obey the existing laws, but in many cases, it may have to change the existing laws. International law is quite specific about requirements. It must meet these requirements when changing civil law in an occupied territory.

佔領國必須遵循現行法律,然而在許多情況下,可能需要改變現行法律。國際法對其條件是很明確,在被佔領領土改變民法時,必須符合這些條件。

更明確地說,佔領當局必須遵循原本在被佔領領土所施行之法律。而其如有改變之必要,必須符合國際法所規範之條件與要件。

美西巴黎和約於18981210日簽訂後,美國陸軍少將 John R. Brooke 於18981228日在維持現行西班牙政府之司法體制下,設立「古巴美國軍政府(United States Military Government of Cuba)」。
Cuba's judicial powers and courts remained legally based on the codes of the Spanish government.

相對於美國在佔領古巴期間,是採現行西班牙法律,治理古巴佔領地,中華民國在佔領台灣期間,並非採現行日本法律,而是採中華民國法律,治理台灣佔領地,明顯踰越佔領國軍政府之權限。 

以美軍為首之聯軍部隊,在佔領伊拉克後,運作民政當局之模式:

1. Lewis Paul "Jerry" Bremer III (Paul Bremer) is an American diplomat. On July 13, 2003, the creation of the Iraqi Interim
Governing Council was approved by Paul Bremer, Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority as Governor of Iraq. 

2003713日,美國外交官Paul Bremer以「聯合臨時當局(相當於伊拉克聯軍民政府)」指揮官,為伊拉克總督之身份核准「伊拉克臨時治理議會(相當於伊拉克民政府)」之創立。

2. Bremer's office was a division of the United States Department of Defense, and as Administrator he reported directly to the United States Secretary of Defense.

Bremer之部門是隸屬於美國國防部,其身為行政官,直接向美國國防部長報告。

由以上慣例可知

台灣民政府之對口單位是直屬 美國總統之美國國防部,非美國國務院。

3. On June 28, 2004 at 10:26 AM local time, the US-led Coalition Provisional Authority formally transferred limited sovereignty of Iraqi territory to the Iraqi Interim Government.

2004628日當地時間上午1026分,美國所領導之聯合臨時當局,將有限度之伊拉克領土主權正式移轉予伊拉克臨時政府。

Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons

Section III : Occupied territories

1949812日所採用之日內瓦第四公約,是關於戰爭期間平民之保護。

第三部份: 受保護人民之身份及對待

第三節:  被佔領領土

ARTICLE 49: Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the
territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

49: 個人或集體強制遷移,如同將受保護人民從被佔領領土,放逐至佔領國之領土,或至任何其他被佔領或非被佔領國家之領土,無論其動機為何,是被禁止的。佔領國是不得將該國之部份平民人口,放逐或遷移至其所佔領之領土。

This means that settlements are prohibited. The occupying power cannot confiscate land in the occupied territory for the sole purpose of establishing settlements for its nationals. The occupying power also has the responsibility to preserve and maintain the demographic and social configuration of the
occupied territory, which may entail restricting even voluntary
migrations. 

其意謂殖民是被禁止的。佔領國不得只是為了為其國民建立殖民,而在被佔領領土沒收土地。佔領國也有責任保存及維持被佔領地之人口及社會結構,即使是自願遷移也需要限制。

結合「軍事佔領」和「政治流亡」之「中國殖民」,經由大量中國難民「移入」日本台灣,改變當地原本之人口及社會結構,導致當地之「民族特性消滅(the extinguishing of the ethnic identity)」及包括「語言消滅(linguicide)等之文化消滅(ethnocide)」。其藉改變民族特性以「變種」罪行,並不下於違反國際法之「滅種(genocide)」。

ARTICLE 51:

The Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to serve in its armed or auxiliary forces. No pressure or propaganda which aims at securing voluntary enlistment is permitted.

51:

佔領國不得強迫受保護人民在其武裝或輔助部隊服役。以致成自願入伍為目的之施壓或宣傳是被禁止。

上述「佔領法則(rules of occupation)」可知,中國殖民政權在日本台灣佔領地及至目前依徵兵制之義務役,甚至未來依募兵制之自願役,皆是違反日內瓦公約之規定。

依上述日內瓦第四公約佔領法則,檢驗戰後美國當局處置日本台灣之合法性:

JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF   SOVEREIGNTY STATUS OVER FORMOSA   Note by the Secretaries

1. The State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee has requested that the Joint Chiefs of Staff, subject to their comment from a military point of view, transmit the message in Enclosure "A" to the Commanding General, U.S. Forces, China Theater in reply to his telegram in Enclosure "B".

國務-戰爭-海軍協調委員會,要求參謀長聯席會議依他們從軍事觀點之意見,將附件A中之訊息,傳達予中國戰區美軍指揮將領,以回覆其在附件B中之電報。

2. The Committee states that it will forward a copy of Enclosure "A" to the State Department upon notification of such transmittal.

該委員會稱在公告該訊息,傳達時將遞送一份附件A之副本予國務院。

ENCLOSURE B

PARAPHRASE OF MESSAGE FROM THE COMMANDING GENERAL U.S. FORCES, CHINA THEATER, TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT

From: Commanding General, U.S. Forces, China Theater    

                    To : War Department      

      Nr:  CFBX 23362              16 February 1946

 

附件B為中國戰區美軍指揮將領(General Albert C. Wedemeyer) 1946216日所發予戰爭部電報之改寫文:

1. With reference to the repatriation of Japanese from Formosa, the matter of taking over property belonging to Japanese civilians who are citizens of Formosa must be clarified with respect to the exact legal status of Formosa to permit this headquarters to advise the Chinese authorities in this matter.

有關從福爾摩沙遣返日本人,福爾摩沙確切之法理地位必須弄清處,好讓這個總部去建議中國當局,接收具有福爾摩沙公民身份之日本平民所屬財產。

上述說詞意味著:福爾摩沙之法理地位如非日本國土,則美國軍方有立場建議中國軍方,遣返福爾摩沙日本人並接收其財產。反之,其如是日本國土,則美國軍方有立場建議中國軍方,必須在萬國公法架構內,依戰爭法保護包括日本人之所有福爾摩沙住民其生命和財產。

2. The Commanding General U.S. Forces, China Theater (COMGENCHINA) is responsible under current theater directives to advise and assist Chinese in repatriation of Japs from China Theater, including Formosa. Plans have been made accordingly to repatriate all Japs nationals from Formosa to be completed
by 30 April 46.

在目前戰區指令下,美軍中國戰區指揮將領是負責建議,及協助中國人從包括福爾摩沙之中國戰區遣返日本人。此,計劃在1946430日前,完成從福爾摩沙遣返所有日本國民。

上述說詞可知:美國軍方對台灣人已於194541日,因明治憲法完整施行於全台灣,成為正式日本國民之事實,完全不知情。美國軍方建議和協助中國軍方,將和裔台灣住民遣返日本,在法理上,是踰越戰爭法權限。另一方面,美國軍方,將法理上明確是「太平洋戰區」之日本福爾摩沙,誤認是「中國戰區」之中國福爾摩沙,是戰爭史上之一場烏龍

3.  Each repatriate under this plan is limited to the amount of baggage he can carry on his person and the plan also prescribes the amounts and kind of currency and financial instruments which repatriates (including Jap citizens of Formosa) can take to Japan.

依此計劃每位被遣返者限攜帶隨身行李,此計劃也規定包括和裔福爾摩沙公民之被遣返者,所能攜回日本之錢幣數量和種類以及財務證件。

4.  The question as to the present legal status of Formosa is brought up in the taking over of properties of Japanese civilians who are citizens of Formosa. It would appear that Formosa presents a special case in that it was formerly recognized by the U.S. as Japanese territory.  It would appear under international law Formosa’s still Japanese territory and will remain Japanese territory until sovereignty is awarded to some other country by means of a formal treaty, although the Heads of State have agreed that Formosa shall be returned to Chinese sovereignty.

在接收具有福爾摩沙公民身份之日本平民(和裔台灣住民)財產時,引出福爾摩沙目前法理地位問題。福爾摩沙似乎呈現以前是被美國承認為日本領土之特殊情形。依國際法,看來福爾摩沙仍為日本領土,也將仍為日本領土,直到依正式條約將主權給與其他國家,雖然國家元首已同意福爾摩沙將回歸中國主權。

上述說詞可知:就中國戰區美軍指揮將領之認知,福爾摩沙在日本依正式和平條約明確讓與其他國家之前,依國際法仍為日本領土。台灣「目前法理地位(present status de jure)」歸屬日本之論點,完全有正當性。

Enclosure A was a February 18 draft in reply to Enclosure B:

 ENCLOSURE A        MESSAGE TO THE COMMANDING GENERAL U.S. FORCES, CHINA

THEATER           CM-IN-3760         February 18, 1946

The following, received from the State, War and Navy Departments, is furnished in reply to your CFBX 23362 (Enclosure B):

附件A為國務、戰爭及海軍部門,1946218日所提供電文,以回覆中國戰區指揮將領其CFBX 23362電報(附件B)

1. In view of the foregoing such as the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation, and the Instrument of Surrender, it would appear that Japan has lost sovereignty over Formosa, and by virtue of the assumption and exercise of governmental authority by the Republic of China in Formosa pursuant to the Cairo Declaration and the signature of the representatives of the Governments of China and Japan, the State Department
considers that Formosa has been restored to the Republic of China but that this transfer may eventually have to be formalized by appropriate treaty arrangements.

由以前的事情,如開羅宣言、波茨坦公告及投降書看來,日本似乎已喪失台灣主權,由於中華民國依開羅宣言及中國和日本政府代表之簽字,在福爾摩沙負責及運作政權,國務院認為福爾摩沙已歸還中華民國民國。而,此移轉終將需經適當條約安排以為正式。

上述說詞可知:美國在日本投降後,原本對台灣之安排是擬以「先上車、後補票」方式,將台灣移轉予中華民國。之後,因中國強力介入韓戰而緊急決定不讓台灣歸屬中國。中華民國在台灣,好比雖先上車卻不得補票,致使中華民國對台灣無需擁有「所有權」,即得以享有「使用權」。然而,在可預見的將來是,免票搭車之中華民國在台灣之旅,終將因無票而被趕下車。

2. The position of the United States in regard to Japanese assets located in Chinese territory formerly occupied by the Japanese was communicated to the American Embassy in Chungking in a telegram dated September 25, 1945. It was stated that, provided ..................... and provided .................., the United States Government had no objection to Chinese action confiscating on behalf of the Chinese Government Japanese private and public property physically located in Chinese territory formerly occupied by the Japanese which would return to Chinese jurisdiction;
...........
美國對日本人在過去所佔領之中國領土內之財產之立場,在1945925日傳至重慶美國大使館電報中,稱美國政府有條件地不反對中國人,為了中國政府沒收日本人在過去所佔領,將回歸中國管轄之中國領土內之私有和公有財產; ...........

 

以上敘述,原來中國佔領當局是在美國方面之認可下,沒收日本人在台灣之私有及公有財產,「合法化」於舊金山和平條約Article 4(b):

Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3. 日本承認在和約第二條及第三條所提及之任何地區中,被美國軍政府或依美國軍政府指令處分日本和日本國民財產之有效性。  

 property of Japan and Japanese nationals (日本及日本國民財產)=Japanese private and public property (日本之私有及公有財產)

日本依Article 4(b)承認有效之具體處分:

a.  美國軍政府在Article 2(a)之南朝鮮及Article 3之琉球處分日本之公有及私有財產。

b.  中國佔領當局依美國軍政府指令在Article 2(b)之台灣處分日本之公有及私有財產。

美國軍政府是在戰爭法架構內,依舊金山和平條約Article 4(b)處分日本之公有及私有「財產物權」,不得違反萬國公法原則處分日本之「領土主權」。

3. In view of the legal opinions expressed in paragraph 1 above, the position of the United States outlined in paragraph 2 above is held to be applicable to Formosa as well as other Chinese territory formerly occupied by the Japanese which has now returned to Chinese control.

有鑑於在上文第一段所陳述之法律主張,美國在上文第二段所概述之立場,被當做是適用於福爾摩沙,和其他過去被日本人所佔領,而今已歸還中國人控制之中國領土。

4. Above is for your information. The disposition by the Chinese of Japanese property in Formosa and the national status of residents of Formosa (as distinguished from the operational task of repatriation of Japanese) are considered to be political matters which may best be handled through normal diplomatic channels. This statement is therefore being forwarded by the State Department to the U.S. Embassy in Chungking for appropriate action in consultation with you.

以上是提供予您之訊息。中國人處分在福爾摩沙之日本人財產,及福爾摩沙居民之國民身份(有別於日本人之遣返作業)被認為是政治事宜,最好是經由正常外交管道處理。此,本聲明正由國務院遞送至重慶美國大使館以和您商討適當之行動。

5. Repatriation procedure outlined in second paragraph your CFBX 23362 approved.

您在CFBX 23362電文第二段所概述之遣返處置核准。

State Department guidance as to the exact legal status of Formosa is requested inasmuch as the present legal status of Formosa has a direct bearing on handling of the property of Japanese citizens of Formosa who have been or are to be sent to Japan.

由於福爾摩沙之目前法理地位,與已經或將要被送回日本之福爾摩沙日本公民,財產處置有直接關係,請求國務院指示福爾摩沙之確切法理地位。

然而遺憾的是,美國軍方就魏德邁將軍於1946216日之電文所提出之問題,向美國國務院提出請求至今已65年,美國國務院尚未就「福爾摩沙之目前或確切法理地位」提出任何答覆。 

This headquarters until instructions are received to the contrary, will continue the repatriation of Japanese from Formosa in accordance with present plans. Formosa Japs under present plans are in effect placed in same category as Jap nationals being repatriated from China proper.

直至收到相反的指示,這個總部將繼續依目前計劃從福爾摩沙遣返日本人。在目前計劃下,福爾摩沙日本人,實際上是和從中國本土所遣返之日本國民被置於同樣類別。

上述說辭明白表示:和裔台灣住民也可能因美國軍方即時接獲「相反指示」,而免於被遣返之命運,是以並非必然得被遣返日本內地不可。另外,同樣是佔領日本之國土一部份,美國軍方並沒有比照遣返「和裔台灣住民」模式,將「和裔琉球住民」遣返日本內地,美國軍方在尚未能確認台灣之目前法理地位時,即以「先斬後奏」方式,建議及協助中國軍方將「和裔台灣住民」遣返日本內地,是違反國際法,完全無正當性。其對和裔台灣住民所曾造成之損失及傷害,一方面,日本是依舊金山和平條約Article 4(b),不得不承認該處分之有效性,另一方面,則是已隨著歲月,逐漸為包括日本之國際社會所淡忘。儘管如此,在當時即使並不存在得以遵循之日內瓦公約,美國及中國之當局,聯手違反日內瓦公約所以為依據之萬國公法,則是難辭其咎。

中國領土對日本國民而言,是外國。然而,琉球和台灣對日本國民而言,是本國。 因此,美國軍方將居住在日本福爾摩沙之和裔台灣住民,與赴中國領土征戰或居住之日本國民,置於同樣類別,實在是將馮京當馬涼之錯誤類比。

According to Antonio Cassese, states must refrain from altering the structure of the concerned "people" by moving populations in or out of the occupied territory. 依聯合國專案處理國際事務之特任官義大利籍國際法專家Antonio Cassese之看法,國家必須避免藉人口之「移入或移出」被佔領領土,改變有關民族之結構。

Antonio Cassese之見解足以證明:美國在台灣其「確切之目前法理地位(the exact present legal status)」尚待確認之際,即允許中國佔領當局將和裔台灣住民強制「移出」,遣返日本本土,及讓中國政治難民藉軍事佔領之便,大舉「移入」日本台灣領土以殖民,皆是違反國際法之非法行為或戰爭犯罪。

作者:林 志昇(武林 志昇˙林 峰弘)

台灣(民)政府 秘書長

2012/03/14、2014/09/02

檢視次數: 1180

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